Up to the nineteenth century there was no universally recognized flag signaling system for merchant vessels but in 1817 Captain Frederick Marryat of the Royal Navy developed and published his Code of Signals for the Merchant Service. It was an immediate success and over the next few years was widely adopted by shipping firms and maritime authorities of all nations. Like the Royal Navy system in use at the time, Marryat's commercial code was based on numbered flags combined with distinguishing flags and pendants that when hoisted in various combinations identified a ship or a port, or referred to messages in the code book. Any ship listed in the code book could identify herself by "making her number" via a flag hoist. For example, a hoist consisting of flags 1, 7, 2 and 5 under the first distinguishing pendant identified the British merchantman Challenger. Numerical flags hoisted in conjunction with the rendezvous flag identified ports, lighthouses, etc. while numerical flags either hoisted on their own or in conjunction with the telegraph flag could be used to send messages. Only British merchant vessels were listed in early editions but later those of other nations were added. Warships of many nations were also listed in the code book and they could make their number by hoisting numerical flags under the Union Jack (for ships of the Royal Navy) or their national ensign (for warships of other nations). Examples of these various flag hoists are shown below.

The code book was divided into six sections: I (British warships), II (foreign warships), III (merchant vessels), IV (ports, lighthouses, headlands, rocks, shoals, reefs & etc.), V (sentences) and VI (vocabulary). Each section was arranged to facilitate the rapid composition or deciphering of a signal hoist, e.g. sentences and words in sections V and VI were listed alphabetically by keywords. To minimize the need for repeats, all numbers with repeated numerals were skipped, e.g. 11, 22, 44, 88, 100, etc.

Marryat's code book went through numerous editions between 1817 and 1870, growing ever fatter as more and more ships were listed. Initially there was only one distinguishing pendant, but three more had to be added over the years to accommodate the greatly expanded listing of ships. In 1870 a new and improved Commercial Code of Signals was introduced by the British Board of Trade and over the next twenty years it gradually supplanted Marryat's system.

The British barque Frederica making her number in Marryat's Code, circa 1865.

1

5

9

Request for Pilot

First Distinction

Third Distinction

Numerical

Royal Navy Ship of the Line Colossus

When making their number using Marryat's code, ships of the Royal Navy hoisted the appropriate numerical flags under the white-bordered Union Jack.

Port of London  •  Great Britain

I will stand offshore all night

Combinations of two, three or four numerical flags hoisted on their own made reference to sentence-form messages in the code book.

When used in conjunction with the telegraph flag, combinations of numerical flags referenced specific words. Generally these were used together with the sentence-form flag hoists to make up signals. The example above reads "Pilot is not aboard." The procedure for sending this signal was as follows. (1) The telegraph flag was hoisted on its own. (2) The numerical flags denoting "pilot" (6483) were hoisted at another masthead. (3) The telegraph signal was then struck or dipped and the numerical flags denoting "not aboard" (86) were hoisted. In this case the telegraph signal would probably have been struck since most ships carried only one set of signal flags and flags 8 and 6 were required for the final part of the message. Words not in the code book could be spelled out, numbers 1 through 28 being reserved for the individual letters of the alphabet (The numbers 11 and 22 were skipped.) Numbers as such could be signaled by hoisting the appropriate numerical flags under the numerical pendant. On those rare occasions when it was necessary to repeat a flag, the distinguishing pendants could be used as repeaters. For example, to signal the number 1,104 the flag hoist would be: numerical pendant, flag 1, first distinguishing pendant as first repeater, flag 0, flag 4.